Lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv deformation los yog tsis ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm sab nraud rog yog hu ua nws cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Cov no suav nrog lub zog, plasticity, elasticity, brittleness, tawg toughness, thiab hardness. Cov lag luam feem ntau ua cov cuab yeej cuab tam sim, nrog rau kev kuaj lub cev thiab tshuaj.
Cov cuab yeej siv kho tshuab feem ntau ua rau cov qauv suav nrog tensile, compression, dabtsi yog khoov, shear, torsion, cuam tshuam, qaug zog, creep, stress-rupture, stress relaxation, wear, and hardness tests.
Tensile Test
Kuj tseem hu ua kev ntsuas nruj, qhov no feem ntau yog ua los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab ntsuas thoob ntiaj teb lossis lub tshuab ntsuas tensile siab. Cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam nrog maj mam siv cov khoom thauj mus rau ob qho kawg ntawm cov qauv, ua rau nws qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas rau axial nro thiab ua rau nws elongate raws cov axis kom txog thaum tawg. Kev ntsuas tensile tso cai rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom xws li tensile lub zog thiab plasticity. Tensile specimens yuav tsum ua raws li cov qauv hauv lub tebchaws los yog kev lag luam tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom raug kuaj. Cov txiaj ntsig feem ntau yog sawv cev los ntawm kev ntxhov siab -strain nkhaus.
Lub tensile nkhaus muaj plaub theem: 1. Theem O-a-b (Elastic deformation): Point 'a' sib raug rau qhov proportional limit load ($P_p$); point 'b' sib raug rau qhov elastic txwv load ($P_e$, qhov siab tshaj plaws tsis muaj deformation). Hauv O-ib ntu, elongation ($\\Delta L$) yog ncaj qha proportional rau lub load ($P$), ua ib ntu; ntu a-b suav nrog cov yas deformation tsis pom zoo (0.001–0.005%). 2. Theem b-c-d (Yield deformation): Point 'c' yog qhov taw tes tawm ($P_s$), thiab cov c-}d section "{15} zoo li yield. 3. Theem d-B (Uniform yas deformation): Point 'B' sib haum mus rau qhov kawg tensile load ($P_b$, qhov siab tshaj plaws load cov khoom tuaj yeem tiv taus). 4. Theem B-K (Localized deformation/necking): Point 'K' yog lub pob tawg ntawm $ ponding, $ corresponding point,
Compression Test
Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub tensile xeem, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no ntsuas cov khoom xws li compressive zog, txheeb ze shortening, thiab tus nqi ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig-sectional cheeb tsam nce nyob rau hauv zoo li qub compressive quab yuam. Ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ua rau cov qauv compression yog tias ob lub ntsej muag kawg ntawm lub ntsej muag yuav tsum yog tib yam rau ib leeg. Universal test machines lossis compression testing machines feem ntau yog siv rau qhov kev xeem no. Bending Test
Feem ntau siv los txiav txim siab qhov kawg khoov lub zog, modulus ntawm elasticity, thiab siab tshaj plaws deflection ntawm cov ntaub ntawv lossis cov khoom siv. Nws tuaj yeem raug cais rau hauv kev txhawb nqa yooj yim beam dabtsi yog khoov kev sim thiab kev kuaj kev khoov ntshiab.
Shear Test
Feem ntau siv los txiav txim siab txog cov khoom shear resistance; Nws yog feem ntau ua hauj lwm los ntsuam xyuas qhov zoo ntawm hlau Tshuag npaj rau rivets. Kev ntsuam xyuas shear raug cais ua ib zaug -shear thiab ob npaug-shear tests thiab yog ua los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab ntsuas thoob ntiaj teb.
Impact Test
Txiav txim siab qhov toughness lossis brittleness ntawm tus qauv los ntawm kev ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog ua ntej thiab tom qab lub pendulum ntaus nws. Cov yam ntxwv muaj xws li kev cuam tshuam loj heev, lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm kev ua, thiab kev hloov pauv sai.
Hardness Test
Ib txoj kev ntsuas ceev ceev thiab kev lag luam; nws yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem siv dav tshaj plaws los txiav txim siab cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab tsuas yog qhov kev sim uas tsis cuam tshuam rau cov neeg kho tshuab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov qauv. Lwm yam kev sim ua thaum lub sij hawm tshuaj xyuas cov khoom muaj xws li torsion, qaug zog, creep, so, thiab kev ntxhov siab - kev ntsuam xyuas rupture.